Employers doing business in the District of Columbia must consider DC’s unique laws regarding leave policies, continuation of benefits, disability and family leave insurance, transportation plans, and coverage of domestic partners. Some of these laws apply even when the employer is headquartered in another state and has only one employee working or residing in DC.
This publication provides an overview of employee benefit considerations that affect employers that do business in DC or have employees who reside in DC. In connection with the section on Paid Family (and Medical) Leave below, it includes a chart of rates, limits, and other key information in Appendix A, District of Columbia (DC) Universal Paid Family Leave Program.
Note that this publication is limited to employee benefit considerations and does not cover labor and employment law considerations.
DC-based small employers with 1 to 50 full-time employees, including full-time equivalents, must obtain group coverage through the DC Health Link when purchasing health coverage. There is no private small group market available. Employers must meet a minimum participation requirement of at least two-thirds of employees enrolling in coverage through the DC Health Link or waiving coverage with other qualifying coverage. Further, at least one enrollee must be a non-owner. DC-based employers subject to the small employer coverage requirement must contribute at least 50% toward the premium cost of employee-only coverage under the DC Health Link plan.
For more information, see: Small Business Resources, DC Health Link
Generally, DC’s continuation of benefits provision, called “mini-COBRA,” provides up to three months of continuation coverage on a self-pay basis for DC employees and their spouses/ domestic partners and dependents. DC’s coverage continuation provision applies to group medical policies issued in DC and for which federal COBRA doesn’t apply. Thus, it applies to policies issued to groups with fewer than 20 employees (including full-time equivalents) or church plans not subject to COBRA.
Employers are required to provide notice to covered employees within 15 days after the date that coverage terminates under the group plan. Employees who wish to elect DC “mini-COBRA” coverage must pay the required premium within 45 days after the date the coverage would otherwise terminate.
For more information, see: Bulletin 02-LG-009-4/1
Employers with fully insured group health plans that cover DC residents must provide coverage for registered domestic partners. The domestic partners must be registered in DC or registered in a similar legally recognized relationship in another jurisdiction certified in the DC Register. This requirement is extraterritorial, which means that it applies regardless of where the policy is issued.
To register as a domestic partnership in DC, the couple must meet all of the following criteria:
Employers with self-insured plans are not required to cover domestic partners.
Coverage provided to domestic partners must be on the same terms and conditions as that offered to spouses. The cost of coverage for a registered domestic partner is not subject to DC taxation. However, the federal government does not recognize domestic partners. Thus, if the domestic partner is not the employee’s tax dependent, the cost of coverage is subject to federal taxation (imputed income).
If an employer does not request relationship documentation (e.g., marriage certificate) from married employees, it should not make a domestic partner’s coverage conditional upon submission of evidence of the domestic partnership. For further information about domestic partner benefits considerations, including best practices for calculating and processing domestic partner cost of coverage imputed income, see the PPI publication Domestic Partner Benefits: A Guide for Employers.
Effective beginning 2019, DC residents must maintain minimum essential coverage or pay a tax penalty. Employers of all sizes with self-insured (including level-funded) group health plans, and employers with 50 or more full-time employees (including full-time equivalents) with fully insured plans, must file Form 1095-B or 1095-C (as applicable) for DC residents with the DC Office of Tax and Revenue if they have at least one employee who resides in DC. There is no paper filing option available; forms must be filed electronically through the MyTax.DC.gov website. The reporting deadline is 30 days following the March 31 IRS submission deadline (including any extensions granted by the IRS), which is April 30 unless any extensions apply.
Additionally, employers must furnish a statement to their DC residents. Compliance with the federal requirement to distribute Forms 1095-B or 1095-C to individuals satisfies the DC requirement. For further information about state individual mandate reporting, see the PPI publication State Individual Mandate Reporting Requirements.
For more information, see: Instructions for Electronic Filing and FAQs, DC Office of Tax and Revenue
A DC ordinance established a special enrollment period for pregnant individuals to enroll in coverage midyear. The ordinance applies exclusively to fully insured plans issued in DC. For group health insurance coverage, the enrollment period is for 30 days following the date of pregnancy confirmation, as certified by a healthcare professional. The event extends to any individual eligible under the group health plan who becomes pregnant, including the employee, domestic partner, spouse, or child.
Importantly, pregnancy is not a recognized midyear election change event under IRC Section 125, which governs cafeteria plans. Thus, if an employee adds coverage midyear under this DC ordinance, any associated employee contributions will likely need to be deducted on a post-tax basis until the earlier of the next open enrollment effective date or the birth (which is a HIPAA Special Enrollment event).
For more information, see: D.C. Law 23-135
Private employers with at least one employee working in DC are subject to the requirements of the DC Paid Family Leave Program (DC PFL). DC PFL coverage is funded through employer contributions. Effective July 1, 2023, the employer contribution rate is 0.26% of earnings with no maximum wage cap. (Contribution rate adjustments are announced by March each year, to take effect the following July 1.
Employers subject to the DC PFL requirement must participate in the DC plan. There is no private plan option.
Employees are eligible for benefits if they perform at least 50% of their job duties in DC (including telework) and are on leave from work due to one or more of the following qualifying events:
Employees are eligible for a combined total of 12 weeks of benefits per year. However, the qualifying event of pregnancy entitles an eligible employee to two additional weeks of prenatal care leave.
Effective October 1, 2023, the weekly benefit, which is payable as of the first day of qualified leave, is calculated as 90% of earnings to a maximum of $1,118.
Prior to February 1, 2024, employers must post an updated Notice to Employees (see link immediately below) at each worksite in a conspicuous place where labor notices are customarily posted and send the notice to covered workers who work remotely for posting at their individual worksites. In addition to posting the notice, covered employers must also provide it in paper or electronic form annually to all workers within 30 days of hiring and whenever they are aware DC PFL may be needed.
For further information about DC PFL, see Appendix A, District of Columbia (DC) Universal Paid Family Leave Program.
For more information, see: Notice to Employees Employer Resources, DC Paid Family Leave Employer Toolkit, DC Paid Family Leave
The District of Columbia Family and Medical Leave Act (DCFMLA) is the district’s version of FMLA. It applies to employers with 20 or more employees who perform at least 50% of their job duties in DC. Within a 24-month period, the law provides up to 16 weeks of unpaid leave for an employee with a serious health condition (medical leave) and a separate 16 weeks for an employee who has a new child (through birth, adoption, or foster placement) or is caring for a family member with a serious health condition (family leave). To be eligible, the employee must have at least 12 months of service with the employer and have worked at least 1,000 hours within the last 12 months. When applicable, DCFMLA runs concurrently with federal FMLA.
Employers must continue benefits during a DCFMLA leave at the same level and same cost as if the employee were still actively at work. DCFMLA provides job-protected leave, which means that the employee must be returned to the same or equivalent job following the leave of absence.
DC issues a model DCFMLA Notice annually in October. Employers must post the notice in the worksite and distribute it to employees annually, upon hire, and when DC PFL is requested.
For more information, see: DCFMLA Notice
Employer Commuter Benefits Requirement
Employers with 20 or more employees working in DC for 50% or more of their job duties must offer access to one or more of the following transit benefit options:
To comply, employers must do all of the following:
For more information, see: Employer Commuter Benefits Toolkit
Clean Air Transportation Fringe Benefit (Cashout Law)
The Cashout Law applies to employers with 20 or more employees working in DC that offer free or subsidized parking benefits to employees. (Employers that do not offer a free or subsidized transportation benefit are exempt from implementing a compliance option but are not exempt from the reporting requirement, as noted below.) To comply, covered employers must implement one of the following three compliance options that are designed to encourage commuting using sustainable transportation options instead of driving to work:
All DC employers with 20 or more covered employees must report their compliance option or exemption status with the District Department of Transportation by January 15 of odd-numbered years (starting with 2023).
For more information, see: Cashout Law Information and Reporting
Employers with one or more employees who work or reside in the District of Columbia should be well informed about the range of benefit requirements that pertain to such employees.